Electronic Journal of Biology

Keywords

Cognitive disorders; Delirium; Recovery room.

1. Introduction

Cognitive disorders are critical and psychological issues after surgery [1]. These disorders can interfere with medical conditions and is intensifying. They can improve treatment of underlying disease process and improve quality of life of patients and their health care costs. On the other hand, decreased cognitive disorders, delirium have high importance [2]. Delirium (Delirium) Acute and transient disturbance in brain function and clinical disorder known less and less recognized. According to DSMIV (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders) and cognitive delirium is disturbance of consciousness that occurs within a short time and has this profile: 1) Change in level of consciousness, such as loss of consciousness 2) shifting attention include poor concentration and memory 3) Location of disturbance 4) rapid onset and short swaying Siri 5) Cognitive Impairment 6) movement disorders 7) sleep disorders [3]. Garlic symptoms of this syndrome is raging quality evening and in early hours of evening is especially acute delirium with difficult diagnosis makes this quality [4]. Delirium is disease inside and outside central nervous system but factors outside central nervous system of more severely [5]. The most important risk factors for delirium can be dementia, older age, severe underlying diseases, patient overall performance disorders, chronic renal failure, and malnutrition and alcohol abuse, sensory perception disorders [6]. Some of the incidence of delirium after surgery is Neurotransmitter disorders, most notably melatonin, norepinephrine and activity is Anticholinergic [7].

Delirium is associated with poor prognosis and increased mortality, prolonged hospital stay, increased costs and reduced inpatient rehabilitation, cognitive performance degradation; increased risk of dementia patients is very low quality of life [8].

The most common problems among patients hospitalized postoperative delirium sector statistics related to memory (50-18Drsd), cardiac surgery (34-7%), intensive care (83-16%) [1]. As well as its incidence in critically ill patients is 80-10% [9]. Patients who develop delirium during their hospital stay, 75-27% mortality rate in same bed and 15% of these patients die within month and 25% within 6 months [1]. Every year more than 3.2 million elderly person deliriums in hospitalized patients is more than 17.5 million days of hospitalization, causes and also led to more than $ 4 million in health care costs [10]. Despite importance of this syndrome survival and colleagues, according to study in Kerman hospital, physicians, and hospital personnel only able to detect delirium are less than 13% of cases [4]. So, early detection and treatment to reduce duration and severity of delirium is key factor in its negative results. If we can identify patients prone to delirium after surgery, then interventions can be done to prevent this complication. Therefore, understanding the predictors of postoperative delirium is important predisposing patients [11]. Relying on importance of identifying cognitive impairment and difficult diagnosis of delirium after surgery this study, we aimed to investigate the prevalence of cognitive impairment and related factors (age, sex, weight, education level, occupation, addiction, history of previous surgery, type of surgery, type of anesthesia, duration of surgery) recovery room after surgery that people at risk of delirium after surgery to help predict and reduce its complications we have to recognize this disorder.

2. Materials and Methods

A descriptive study on 100 patients for 6 months for surgery and was admitted to hospital operating rooms of Khash.

Sampling was convenience and purposeful. Criteria for the selection of action and lack of alertness appeared before the underlying disease, heart disease, diabetes, epilepsy, sensory impairment (blindness and deafness), concussion and antiseizure medications, antidepressants before surgery. The groups before surgery in operating room at time of acceptance interview included age, sex, weight, education level, history of previous surgery, addiction and was recorded in a questionnaire. After surgery, type of surgery and duration of anesthesia and surgery were recorded. Patients at moment of discharge (delivery ward) with regard to cognitive problems after surgery Neecham's confusion questionnaire examined the patient after surgery in the recovery room because it is still under influence of anesthesia may be so consult anesthesiologist decided at moment of departure from recovery in the cognitive state of patients with OBI. In fact, situation at the moment of delivery to the patient in terms of cognitive disorders have estimated. Neecham is fast delirium screening questionnaire tool and uninterrupted nurse at bedside can evaluate their behavior. This questionnaire has three main items include process (appearance, movement, speech with score of 10-0) and control physiological (vital signs, oxygen saturation urinary albumin with a score of 6-0). This questionnaire has a total of 30 points.

According to confusion of the questionnaire to assess individuals based on their overall score obtained by patients divided into 4 groups: normal subjects with scores of 30-27, 26-25 scores to dizziness, confusion (delirium) 24. Mild Banmrh 20, moderate to severe delirium with score of 19-0. This questionnaire is made according to DSM-III criteria 10-8 minutes is time to fill it in recent years due to activities of 24 nurses according to patients' daily activities observations made. Rompaey in 2007 CAM-ICU compare the questionnaire and non-intubated patients admitted to ICU on 172 Neecham did and came to e conclusion that Neecham better than the CAM-ICU can identify delirium and excellence benefits the classification of the level confused patient. In this study, Neecham with 87% specificity was 95%. Since incidence of postoperative delirium increased length of hospitalization, increased morbidity after surgery and so early detection of delirium by nurses to prevent it and as to be considered an important matter. Jannati and Sohrabi's study in Iran delirium was determined as diagnostic tool. Among these tools (Nu-DESC, DOES, CTD, DSI, ICDSC, Neecham, CAM-ICU, CAM) CAM-ICU and Neecham's questionnaire for critically ill patients in hospital and has higher sensitivity and specificity are used: Neecham's questionnaire and easily by nurse at bedside can be used during daily activities even earlier can identify patients susceptible [12].

In this study, Matsushita and his colleagues in 2004 to assess delirium after surgery by Neecham's questionnaires on 64 patients hospitalized in the surgery took place, concluded that because of the ability of the questionnaire ranking the level confused patients and identify early those at risk the risk, they will be able to identify and predict these individuals the incidence of delirium and reduce negative effects caused by it [13]. The collected data analyzed using descriptive statistics (t-test and ANOVA) were analyzed by software SPSS 16.

3. Results

The results showed that of the 100 patients, 56 males and 44 females with an mean age of 38 were unemployed 52.9% of the subjects, 43% were illiterate and 20.2% of addiction (Table 1). More action conducted in subjects with memory (30%) with general anesthesia (48%). The average length of surgery was 54 minutes.

Table 1. Demographic characteristics-frequency and percentage of subjects.

Neecham's questionnaire classify them according to instructions confused people put into four groups of 30 score is the sum of all four levels. People who gain score of 30-27 consciousness (normal cognitive impairment), relatively confusing score 26-25, mild dizziness 24-20 score, severe dizziness 19-0 score (delirium) [14]. The results of this study, %age of people with mild dizziness, severe dizziness % (delirium) were confused and 25% were sober (Table 2).

Table 2. Prevalence of cognitive impairment in patients.

Results of independent t-test and ANOVA was used to compare mean scores of cognitive impairment (total score: 30) in terms of demographic characteristics showed significant relationship between cognitive impairment with age, education, occupation and there is history of addiction(p>0.05) and between the cognitive impairment associated with sex, and history of significant action was not found (Table 3).

Table 3. Incidence of cognitive disorders in terms of demographic variables.

Results Table 4 showed that the incidence of cognitive impairment by type of surgery, anesthesia and operation time there was significant relationship.

Table 4. Incidence of cognitive impairment depending on the type of surgery and anesthesia and operation time.

According to results listed 28% of people in the study suffered from severe dizziness, delirium were suspicious. Age over 60 years, history of addiction and orthopedic surgery and random laparotomy (EMS) and Tiran eaten more than an hour under general anesthesia led to patients at risk of severe dizziness after surgery aged under 10 years (probably because of fear and separation from parents), and the lack of decent jobs Education least be mild confusion.

4. Discussion

According to results obtained in this study, frequency of severe confusion (delirium suspect) is 28.8%. That is nearly studies. According to the study delirium (severe dizziness) was observed in 30.6% of patients, our results are about same [15]. Crosssectional study on 75 patients after surgery brook general surgery hospital of Gorgan in recovery room nursing delirium Nu-DESC was performed by using standard data analysis using descriptive statistics and chi-square and t test were analyzed and the results are as follows delirium was observed in 30.6% of patients and 3.9% of the 21.3% in orthopedic surgery in general surgery patients and male patients, the elderly, orthopedic surgery are more vulnerable. So common assessment of delirium in the recovery room may help to identify patients with delirium and was appropriate nursing care of patients after surgery.

According to the results, Fearon et al. [15] found that our results are similar to surgical practice, including variable age in Atopdi's study claiming that caused severe cognitive impairment. In this study the relationship between sex and the disorders, unlike the study stream and colleagues showed that there was no recognition. In study of prevalence of cognitive impairment in various surgical procedures, from 361 cases studied, 22.2% reported in the actions of peripheral vascular delirium [16]. Litaker's study about risk factors for delirium after surgery on 500 patients admitted for elective surgery, 75 cases of delirium (11.4%) reported that higher age limit of 75 more function before surgery, a history of delirium, alcohol, consumption of opioid analgesics was reported to reception as well as risk factors [17] that prevalence of delirium in Litaker to study wide margin, this is probably different because of type of research which Litaker only elective surgery chosen if study is broader research community there and laparotomy emergency and orthopedic that results of this study, the frequency of cognitive impairment were included in study. Age and addiction in Litaker study and the study of delirium known as strata study, Morimoto, 25% of elderly patients who had undergone abdominal surgery were diagnosed with delirium [18], in descriptive study, Jannati et al. [12], the incidence of delirium in recovery room after surgery, 45% and 36% in the recovery room delirium, delirium after surgery predicted(P< 0.001) Sharma, et al. study on the verge of an observer evaluate the effect of intervention in prevention of delirium in patients with postoperative multi-cardiac surgery [19], showed that primary prevention of delirium, it will be probably the most effective treatment method [20]. According to results of above studies frequency of cognitive impairment and the factors influencing them (resonator) high age and history of drug addiction Education least major surgery practice with results of this study are very similar method of anesthesia and surgery increase duration of study risk of cognitive impairment in patients after surgery is greater.

Anwer showed that general anesthesia with an increase in the risk of early cognitive impairment in elderly patients is associated [21]. The approved study in 30 elderly patients undergoing laparotomy active in Echigoya's study, no significant differences was observed between patients with and without postoperative delirium and the duration of anesthesia [22].

5. Conclusion

According to the results obtained in this study, 28% of people experiencing severe dizziness were suspected of delirium. As well as people over 60 years, history of addiction, orthopedic surgery and random laparotomy (EMS) and shot with general anesthesia over an hour and exposed to extreme confusion after surgery are more vulnerable and should be more patient in their care sector.

Therefore, consultation by anesthesiologist before surgery and patients are evaluating cognitive disorders and delirium patients who undergo surgery are susceptible can recognize, treat and even prevent delirium in hospitalized.

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