Analysis of Yield and Some Important Agronomic Traits of Iranian
Triticale Genotypes in Farmer Conditions.

Seyyed Hamid Reza Ramazani; Hamid Tajalli

Analysis of Yield and Some Important Agronomic Traits of Iranian Triticale Genotypes in Farmer Conditions.

Seyyed Hamid Reza Ramazani, Hamid Tajalli

Published Date: 2016-09-30

Seyyed Hamid Reza Ramazani^1*, Hamid Tajalli²

¹Assistant Professor, Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran;

²Department of Cereal research, Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center of South Khorasan, Birjand, Iran.

*Corresponding Author:: Tel: +98-9151600517
Fax: +98-5632254050
E-mail: hrramazani@Birjand.ac.ir

Received Date: July 13, 2016; Accepted Date: September 28, 2016; Published Date: October 05, 2016

Citation: Ramazani SHR, Tajalli H. Analysis of Yield and Some Important Agronomic Traits of Iranian Triticale Genotypes in Farmer Conditions. Electronic J Biol, S:1

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Abstract

In this experiment seven promising lines of triticale (includes ET-85-4, ET-85-14, ET-85-15, ET-85-17, ET-84-17, ET-82-15 and ET-83-18) that showed their superiority during the past different experiment in Seed and Plant Improvement Institute, Karaj, Iran, were compared with Juanillo-92 as control in a randomized complete block design with three replications and two locations in South Khorasan province. Characteristics such as the number of days to heading, days to maturity, spike length, plant height, 1000-seed weight, peduncle length and grain yield were measured. Analysis of variance was conducted and compare with Duncan's test. The results showed that the genotype had a significant effect on the number of days to heading (1%), the number of days to maturity and spike length (5%) but no significant effect on other traits. ET-82-15 and ET-85-17, respectively, with means 12.48 and 12.43 cm had a highest spike length and ET-85- 14 had the lowest (11.30 cm). Although we had no significant differences in grain yield, but ET-83-18 had the highest yield with 6.29 tons/ha, which is 6.04 percent over its Juanillo-92 (5.91 tons/ha). ET-85-15 had lowest yield with 5.76 tons/ha. So that ET-83-18 is recommended in Birjand and similar areas and can be replaced by the Juanillo-92.

Keywords

Triticale; Farmer conditions; Promising lines; Yield; Yield components.

Introduction

Triticale (X Triticosecale Wittmack) was a new successful species that derived from hybridization of wheat (Triticum spp.) and rye (Secale spp.) [1-6]. The word "tiriticale" is a fusion of the latin words Triticum (or wheat) and Secale (rye). Triticale improved so rapidly due to breeding program that survival has been established as a new paradigm in several countries. Triticale seems to be an interesting alternative to other cereals, particularly bread wheat, in environments where growing conditions are unfavorable or in lowinput systems [1-8]. Where wheat production are limits for plant diseases or unsuitable soil conditions, triticale resurrected much attention as a dual-purpose plant due to the combination of protein and amino acids (especially lysine and dry matter production) compared to other grazing grain [9-18]. Cultivation of triticale was the lowest in the United States, Soviet Union and Canada for cold weather, but in the bordering countries such as Mexico is a large scale [10]. The most extensive program of triticale already has been carried out since 1965 in CIMMYT and the major achievements of this is separating the lines in order day insensitive that named Armadilo [17]. The armadilo is very fertile. It seems derived from crosses between a Mexican dwarf wheat (2n=6x) and triticale (2n=6x). In fact, armadilo is the first secondary hexaploid triticale. In Romania, new triticale varieties have been created over the past decade are equal or superior to other crops for grain yield, forage and biomass production for human food, animal feed or industrial applications [13]. The production programs in Iran are predicted those approximately 500,000 tons in 2021 [4]. Therefore, it has been required developing consistent and high-yielding varieties with good quality of this product. Because of high yielding, resistance to septoria, yellow and brown rust and high content of lysine and phosphorus than wheat and rye and ability to digest than rye, breeding and agronomic research is very important [15,16]. Because of importance of a biotic stresses (salinity and drought) in Iran, this plant is the perfect product for optimal use of the land and provide forage requirement. Selection of prior lines of triticale with consistent of low yield and marginal and resistance to disease is the aims of the triticale culture development [5,12]. Grain yield is a quantitative and complex character that strongly affected by environment. Therefore, the aim of this study was to surveying the effect of different environments on grain yield and some important agronomic traits in seven promising lines of triticale using combined analysis of variance.

Materials and Methods

Sample preparation

In this experiment, seven lines from preliminary experiments that proved its superiority was conducted with control (Juanillo-92) in a complete block design with three replications in two locations of Birjand (Amirabad and Giv-Mokhtaran). Pedigree of genotypes that used in this experiment is shown in Table 1. Each genotype was planted in 10 m with 12 lines at 24 m² areas by planting 450 seeds/m². Fertilizers was contained triple superphosphate (100 kg/ha) and urea (200 kg/ha in two division: in late March and late April) and potassium sulfate (170 kg/ ha). Irrigation was favorable. The texture of soil is silty-loam and rainfall was 65 mm.

Pedigree	Lines
Control	Juanilo-92
RONDO/BANT_5//ANOAS_2/3/VICU	ET-82-15
STIER-29/FARAS-1//MANATI-1	ET-83-18
LIRON_2/5/DISB5/3/SPHD/PVN//YOGUI_6/4/	ET-84-17
M75.8064*6TA867//EMS-6TA876/3/6TB219/	ET-85-14
RONDO	ET-82-4
MASSA/NIMIR-3/3YOGUI-1/TARASCA87-3//	ET-85-15
MUSX/LYNX//STIER-12-3/3/PURA-3/4/ASNOO/3	ET-85-17

Table 1. Pedigree of promising lines and triticale cultivars contributed in this experiment.

Traits measurement

Three sets of traits such as agronomical, physiological and yield trait were investigated in this study. Two physiological characters such as number of days to heading, days to maturity was measured from first day of sowing to appearance of inflorescence and dough stage of grain, respectively. Investigated agronomic traits such as spike length, plant height, 1000-seed weight, peduncle length and grain yield were measured in the end of growing season before harvesting.

Data analysis

Characteristics were calculated such as grain yield, spike length, plant height, days to heading, days to maturity, frost damage percentage, pest and disease damage, tiller number, peduncle length, seed weight and grain yield. Before analysis of variance, normality of data was checked using normality test in SAS software (Ver., 9.2). All data were analyzed using standard analysis of variance with SAS-9.2. Means comparisons was conducted using Dunnett's test. After proving of homogeneity of variance through Bartlett test, combined analysis of variance was done.

Results and Discussion

Amirabad station

Analysis of variance showed that genotypes had a significant effect on days to maturity, peduncle length (1%), days to heading, plant height and ear length (5%) (Table 2). Means comparisons indicated that ET-85-15 and ET-83-18 had a highest spike length with 13.28 and 13.06 cm, respectively. Highest peduncle length belongs to Juanillo-92 and ET-82- 15 with 37.81 and 37.19 cm, respectively (Table 3). Although we had no differences between genotypes in terms of yield, but lines such as ET-83-18, ET-85- 17 and ET-82-15, with 5.79, 5.74 and 5.70 tons/ha, respectively, had more performance than the others (Table 3).

Grain Yield	1000-Seeds Weight	Days to Maturity	Spike Length	Peduncle Length	Plant Height	Date of Heading	df	S.O.V.
0.25 ns	55.54 ns	0.66 ns	1.15 ns	17.26 ns	72.65 ns	3.29 ns	2	Block
0.08 ns	15.88 ns	3.08*	0.94*	40.28**	81.92*	50.66*	7	Genotype
0.11 ns	17.68 ns	0.42 ns	0.29 ns	7.36ns	22.66ns	1.72 ns	14	Error
6.12	13.31	0.42	4.34	8.27	5.39	1.13	-	C.V.

* and ** significant at 5% and 1%, respectively and ns is notsignifican .

Table 2.Variance analysis of different traits of triticale genotypes (Amirabad Station).

Grain Yield (ton/ha)	1000-Seeds Weight (gr)	Days to Maturity	Spike Length (cm)	Peduncle Length (cm)	Plant Height (cm)	Date of Heading	Genotypes
5.39 a	31.67 a	152.7 c	12.91 ab	37.81 a	96.78 a	114.0 c	Jualino-92
5.79 a	32.00 a	155.0 a	13.06 ab	34.29 ab	89.76 ab	114.3 c	ET-83-18
5.47 a	30.33 a	153.3 bc	12.50 ab	31.37 bc	84.10 bc	115.3 bc	ET-84-17
5.61 a	30.00a	153.7 bc	11.90 bc	27.90 c	78.63 c	117.7 ab	ET-85-4
5.63 a	34.00 a	154.3 ab	11.63 cd	29.60 bc	88.34 ab	115.7 bc	ET-85-14
5.32 a	35.33 a	155.3 a	13.28 a	34.21 ab	89.44 ab	118.3 a	ET-85-15
5.74 a	28.00 a	153.0 c	12.56 ab	29.83 bc	89.32 ab	114.7 c	ET-85-17
5.70 a	31.33 a	155.0 a	12.65 ab	37.19 a	90.07 ab	115.3 bc	ET-82-15

Numbers with a same letters in each column have no significant differences according to Dunnett's test at 5% level

Table 3. Mean comparison of different traits of triticale genotypes in Amirabad station.

Giv-Mokhtaran station

Variance analysis showed that only the spike length was different between genotypes (Table 4) and the highest of this belong to ET-85-17 and ET-82-15 (Table 5). In terms of yield, all genotypes placed in a one group. ET-83-18 has the highest yield with 6.80 tons/ha and ET-85-15 has the lowest with 6.20 tons/ ha (Table 5).

Grain Yield	1000-Seeds Weight	Days to Maturity	Spike Length	Peduncle Length	Plant Height	Date of Heading	df	S.O.V.
0.37 ns	74.29 ns	0.87 ns	1.89 ns	285.81 ns	22.11 ns	2.54 ns	2	Block
0.11ns	19.80 ns	3.51*	1.45*	23.46**	76.20ns	1.27ns	7	Genotype
0.12	18.57	3.3	0.45	83.91	89.93	0.63	14	Error
5.4	12.61	1.21	5.94	29.17	5.39	1.13	-	C.V.

* and ** significant at 5% and 1%, respectively and ns is notsignifican .

Table 4:Variance analysis of different traits of triticale genotypes (Giv-Mokhtaran Station).

Grain Yield (ton/ha)	1000-Seeds Weight (gr)	Days to Maturity	Spike Length (cm)	Peduncle Length (cm)	Plant Height (cm)	Date of Heading	Genotypes
6.43 a	34.7 a	148.7 a	11.30 ab	26.87 a	103.97 a	116.0 b	Jualino-92
6.80 a	35.0 a	149.3 a	11.43 ab	27.77 a	94.30 a	116.3 ab	ET-83-18
6.30 a	31.7 a	149.7 a	11.30 ab	30.63 a	92.73 a	116.7 ab	ET-84-17
6.60 a	33.0 a	150.0 a	10.65 b	31.90 a	90.90 a	116.7 ab	ET-85-4
6.60 a	37.0 a	150.3 a	11.40 ab	34.27 a	97.37 a	116.7 ab	ET-85-14
6.20 a	38.3 a	150.3 a	10.30 b	33.27 a	88.27 a	117.7 a	ET-85-15
6.67 a	31.0 a	148.7 a	12.30 a	32.30 a	95.67 a	117.7 a	ET-85-17
6.60 a	32.7 a	152.0 a	12.30 a	34.17 a	89.50 a	116.0 b	ET-82-15

Numbers with a same letters in each column have no significant differences according to Dunnett's test at 5% level

Table 5: Mean comparison of different traits of triticale genotypes in Giv-Mokhtaran station.

Combined analysis of two station

Variance analysis showed that location had significant effect on height and spike length (at 5%) and days to maturity and grain yield (at 1%), but had no significant effect on days to heading, peduncle length and 1000- grain weight (Table 6 and Figure 1). Fox et al. used combined analysis of variance for grain yield from seven genotypes of triticale in seven locations and reported that examination of variance components for grain yield showed that genotype x site interaction components were generally 3 to 4 times the size of the genotypic variance [3].

Grain Yield	1000-Seeds Weight	Days to Maturity	Spike Length	Peduncle Length	Plant Height	Date Of Heading	df	S.O.V.
10.66**	80.08 ns	208.323**	17.32*	22.96 ns	399.63*	13.02ns	1	Location
0.31	64.91	0.77	1.52	151.53	47.38	2.91	4	Error A
0.19 ns	34.79 ns	5.55*	1.09*	20.44	125.1 ns	5.73**	6	Genotype
0.007 ns	0.89 ns	1.04 ns	1.31**	43.31 ns	33.01 ns	2.78*	7	Genotype*Location
0.12	18.12	1.86	0.37	45.63	56.3	1.17	28	Error
5.73	12.95	0.89	5.13	21.05	8.22	0.93	-	C.V.

* and ** significant at 5% and 1%, respectively and ns is notsignificant

Table 6: Combined analysis of different traits of triticale genotypes (Giv-Mokhtaran and Amirabad stations).

Figure 1: Average of grain yield in triticale genotypes in two station..

Figure 2: Comparison of mean yield in triticale genotypes in Amirabad station and Giv-Mokhtaran station.

Mean comparison showed that the highest values of each traits such as plant height (94.08 cm), 1000-grain weight (34.16 gr) and grain yield (6.52 tons/ha) belong to Amirabad station (Table 7 and 8). Variance analysis showed that genotype had significant effect on days to heading (at 1%), days to physiological maturity and spike length (at 5%) but had no significant effect on other traits. location × line, was significant only for days to heading (at 5%) and spike length (at 1%) (Table 7). Fossati et al. report highly significant line × environment interactions for all investigated traits in winter triticale [2]. Kaltsikes also reported the occurrence of significant triticale cultivar × environment interactions in GY and found that the stability of yield performance was lower for a triticale cultivar than for hexaploid and tetraploid wheats [7]. Means comparisons showed that the highest days to maturity belong to ET-82-15, and in contrast, Juanillo-92 has the lowest days to heading and the minimum number of days to maturity between genotypes (Table 3). Days to heading and days to maturity are two important traits that have positive and significant correlation with grain yield in triticale [8]. Maximum spike length belongs to ET-82-15 and ET-85-17, with 12.48 and 12.43 cm, respectively. Also, minimum spike length belongs to ET-85-4 with 11.30 cm (Table 7). High ear fertility should be treated as an important trait in the breeding of small grain cereals, because of its positive influence over both yield potential and yield stability [11]. Notwithstanding not exist significant differences between genotypes, ET-83-18 with 6.29 tons/ha had a highest yield that had 6.04 % more than Juanillo-92 with 5.91 tons/ha. ET-85-15 was the lowest grain yield with 5.76 tons/ha (Table 7).

Grain Yield (ton/ha)	1000-Seeds Weight (gr)	Days to Maturity	Spike Length (cm)	Peduncle Length (cm)	Plant Height (cm)	Date of Heading	Treatments
Location
5.58 b	31.58 a	154.0 a	12.57 a	32.77 a	88.31 b	115.6 a	Amirabad
6.52 a	34.16 a	149.8 b	11.37 b	31.39 a	94.08 a	116.7 a	Giv-Mokh
Genotypes
5.91 ab	33.17 abc	150.7 c	12.10 ab	32.34 a	100.38 a	115.0 c	Jualino-92
6.29 a	33.50 abc	152.2 abc	12.25 ab	31.03 a	92.03 ab	115.3 c	ET-83-18
5.88 ab	31.00 bc	151.5 bc	11.90 abc	31.00 a	88.42 b	116.0 bc	ET-84-17
6.10 ab	31.50 abc	151.8 abc	11.30 c	29.90 a	84.77 b	117.2 ab	ET-85-4
6.12 ab	35.50 ab	152.3 abc	11.52 bc	3.93 a	92.86 ab	116.2 bc	ET-85-14
5.76 b	36.83 a	152.8 ab	11.79 abc	33.74 a	88.85 b	118.0 a	ET-85-15
6.20 ab	29.50 c	150.8 c	12.43 a	31.07 a	92.49 ab	116.2 bc	ET-85-17
6.15 ab	32.00 abc	153.5 a	12.48 a	35.68 a	89.79 b	115.7 c	ET-82-15

Numbers with a same letters in each column have no significant differences according to Dunnett's test at 5% level

Table 7: Mean comparison of different traits of triticale genotypes in two stations.

Grain Yield (ton/ha)	1000-Seeds Weight (gr)	Days to Maturity	Spike Length (cm)		Plant Height (cm)	Date of Heading	Treatments
Amirabad station
5.39 d	31.67 ab	152.7 bcd	12.91 ab	37.81 a	96.78 ab	114.0 e	Jualino-92
5.79 bcd	32.00 ab	155.0 ab	13.06 ab	34.29 a	89.76 abc	114.3 de	ET-83-18
5.47 d	30.33 ab	153.3 abc	12.50 abcd	31.37 a	84.10 bc	115.3 cde	ET-84-17
5.61 cd	30.00 ab	153.7 abc	11.95 bcde	27.90 a	78.63 c	117.7 ab	ET-85-4
5.63 cd	34.00 ab	154.3 abc	11.63 cdef	29.60 a	88.34 bc	115.7bcde	ET-85-14
5.32 d	35.33 ab	155.3 a	13.28 a	34.21 a	89.44 abc	118.3 a	ET-85-15
5.74 bcd	28.00 b	153.0 abc	12.56 abcd	29.83 a	89.32 abc	114.7 cde	ET-85-17
5.70 bcd	31.33 ab	155.0 ab	12.65 abc	37.19 a	90.07 abc	115.3 cde	ET-82-15
Giv-Mokhtaran station
6.43 a	34.67 ab	148.7 f	11.30 efg	26.87 a	103.97 a	116.0bcde	Jualino-92
6.80 a	35.00 ab	149.3 f	11.43 defg	27.77 a	94.30 ab	116.3abcd	ET-83-18
6.30 ab	31.67 ab	149.7 ef	11.30 efg	30.63 a	92.73 abc	116.7 abc	ET-84-17
6.60 a	33.00 ab	150.0 ef	10.65 fg	31.90 a	90.90 abc	116.7 abc	ET-85-4
6.60 a	37.00 a	150.3 def	11.40 defg	34.27 a	97.37 ab	116.7 abc	ET-85-14
6.20 abc	38.33 a	150.3 def	10.30 g	33.27 a	88.27 bc	117.7 ab	ET-85-15
6.67 a	31.00 ab	148.7 f	12.30abcde	32.30 a	95.67 ab	117.7 ab	ET-85-17
6.60 a	32.67 ab	152.0 cde	12.30abdce	34.17 a	89.50 abc	116.0bcde	ET-82-15

Numbers with a same letters in each column have no significant differences according to Dunnett's test at 5% level

Table 8: Mean comparison of location×genotype effects on triticale genotypes in two stations.

Conclusion

The results show that ET-83-18 was the highest yield with 6.29 tons/ha and 6.04 % more than control (Juanillo-92) with 5.91 tons/ha. The lowest of grain yield was 5.76 tons/ha belong to ET-85-15. So, we recommended ET-83-18 for planting in Birjand and similar areas and can be replaced by the Juanillo-92. According to result of this research we explain the effect of different environments on grain yield and some important agronomic traits of investigated triticale’s lines and also we show the better line of triticale for grain yield according to combined analysis of variance. Characters with high variances also highlighted high environmental variances which suggested that selection on the basis of phenotypic characters may not produce desirable result for which progeny selection may constitute desirable component for effective selection. These result can used in more precise analysis of genotype × environment such as AMMI, GGE bipolt and also yield stability analyses.

Acknowledgement

I would like to gratefully and sincerely thank Dr. Mohamadpour for his guidance and financial protection.

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